Biotechnology primarily uses which of the following?

Biotechnology primarily utilizes biological systems to develop products and technologies that improve human life and the environment. This field is centered around manipulating living organisms or their components—such as cells, enzymes, and DNA—to create innovations in healthcare, agriculture, and environmental management. By harnessing biological processes, biotechnologists can produce medicines, genetically modified organisms, biofuels, and much more.

While artificial intelligence, mechanical engineering, and physical chemistry can play supportive roles in biotechnology, they are not the foundational elements of the discipline. For instance, artificial intelligence can be used for data analysis in biotech research, but it does not constitute the primary focus of biotechnology itself. Similarly, mechanical engineering may contribute to the development of bioprocessing equipment, but it is not a core component of biotechnology. Physical chemistry may support understanding chemical reactions in biological systems, yet the essence of biotechnology lies in its application of biology, which is why biological systems are the primary source for its innovations and advancements.